1.
Development Of Ration For Increasing Milk Fat Percentage In Nili-Ravi Buffaloees
by Shiraz Nasim | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Prof.Dr.Muham | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2008Dissertation note: The present study was designed to see the effect of different rations on the milk production as well as milk fat percentage. For this purpose 20 Nili-Ravi early lactating buffaloes were selected from the existing herd and randomly divided in to five groups A, B, C, D and E. The animals were selected on the basis of their age and stage of lactation. The group A was treated with conventional ration (control group) while group B and C were supplemented with oil @ 3 % and oil + niacin @ 15 g / day / animal respectively. While group D and E were supplemented with megalac @ 3 % and megalac + niacin (1 5g/day/animal). Green fodder was given for the maintenance requirement of the animals, while the production requirements were met through experimental rations. The research trial was continued for three months at BRI, Patokki.
Milk production was recorded daily. Milk composition was analyzed on weekly basis. The milk production among the different groups was 7.13 ± 0.59, 7.70 ± 1.30, 7.31 ± 1.02, 7.31 ± 0.81 and 7.46 ± 0.61 liters. Statistical analysis showed that the milk production in groups was similar and not significant between the groups but significant among the weeks.
Milk composition in terms of fat and its fractions (Solid Non Fat, Total Solids) protein and lactose percentage will be determined on weekly basis. The economics of milk production on various rations was estimated. The milk fat contents of groups were 5.29 ± 0.35%, 6.23 ± 0.37%, 6.31 ± 0.21%, 6.67 ± 0.33% and 7.41 ± 0.3 1%, for control (A), vegetable oil (B), vegetable oil + niacin (C), megalac (D) (rumen bypass fat), and megalac + niacin (E) groups respectively. The SNF contents of milk were 9.31±0.23, 9.27±0.10, 9.20±0.14, 9.50±0.30 and 9.24±0.16 for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively, while the TS contents were 13.81 ± 0.49, 14.78 ± 0.34, 14.88 ± 0.15, 15.49 ± 0.59 and 15.84 ± 0.40for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively. The milk protein contents of different groups were 3.24 ± 0.07, 3.27 ± 0.07, 3.32 ± 0.08, 3.27 ± 0.10 and 3.32 ± 0.19 respectively for control, vegetable oil, vegetable oil + niacin, megalac (rumen bypass fat), and megalac + niacin groups respectively. The lactose contents of milk were 4.20 ± 0.05, 4.30 ± 0.08, 4.39 ± 0.12, 4.32 ± 0.08 and 4.46 ± 0.14 for groups A, B, C, D and E respectively
Blood samples were collected on fortnightly basis. The blood samples were analyzed for the total proteins, urea, cholesterol and glucose level. Blood samples were collected from all animals of the groups. The serum total protein for different groups were 3.41±26.4, 3.14±42.47, 3.71±39.05, 3.36±35.02 and 3.17±38.07 g/l in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E. The blood urea contents were 15.47±1.62, 22.03±2.26, 18.71±2.19, 19.65±1.34 and 16.60±4.59 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E. The blood cholesterol contents were 139.79±41.47, 180.21±8.52, 164.77±7.79, 168.45±4.89 and 137.90±9.88 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E, while the blood glucose contents were 44.96±2.66, 35.18±9.65, 43.57±3.24, 37.66±18.94 and 35.73±1.12 mg/dl in buffaloes in groups A, B, C, D and E.
Body weight gain of the animals was recorded on fortnightly basis. The weight of the animals was recorded early in the morning.
CONCLUSION
Dairy animals of high genetic merit require nutrients in addition to those produced from ruminal fermentation to achieve their potential and maintain milk quality. Fat and proteinaceous feed supplements should be designed to achieve optimal microbial efficiency in the rumen and to maximize digestibility and absorption fats and proteins from the small intestine. The degree of protection of fat supplements from ruminal metabolism should be as high as possible in order to minimize their deleterious impact on microbial metabolic activities. Fat supplements should also contain a fatty acid profile that allows the composition of milk fat to satisfy the nutritional demands of consumers and to provide the special physicochemical properties that are required for manufacturing
Buffaloes would be expected to exceed cattie in fat test by 1 to 3%, depending on breed and environmental conditions, but fat percentage of buffaloes appears to be influenced by environmental factors such as age and season of calving in about the same proportions as for cattle. The buffalo is less efficient as a milk producer, slower in reaching maturity, and subject to longer calving intervals than Sahiwal cattle in Pakistan. The high fat content of buffalo milk, coupled with larger fat globules, results in buffalo milk having higher utility on small farms than cattle milk because of ease in removal of the fat.
It is concluded that as the animals were fed concentrate ration, there is milk fat depression in the milk of dairy animals. So to maintain the milk fat for most dairy producers, the most effective method of maintaining an adequate milk fat percentage in the milk is:
o ensure that adequate fiber is in the ration, and
o include buffers in the concentrate mix or total mixed ration of the dairy animal.
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2.
Seasonal Variations In Zinc Status Of Livestock Of Okara And Hafizabad Districts Of Punjab
by Ahsan Farid | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2010Dissertation note: Livestock doles out 51.8% of agricultural value added and it shares 11.3% to national GDP. Livestock supports the lives of 30-35 million people in rural areas. The total population of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat in the Pakistan is 33.0, 29.9, 27.4 and 58.3 millions, respectively. The beef and mutton production is 1,601 and 509 thousand tons respectively. The milk production from cow, buffalo, sheep and goat is 14,982, 27,028, 36 and 719 (000 tons) (Anonymous, 2009). The livestock sector of Pakistan is very important. It is the rich source of food items like milk, meat etc. and also provides raw material to industry like leather, wool, bones, hair etc. Livestock production mainly depends on two factors; management and nutrition. The provision of feed stuffs of adequate balanced nutrition is likely to be the most limiting factor in increasing livestock production. One of the vital components of nutrition is minerals which play important role in various body functions and body structures of animals. Minerals' deficiency is the major problem of livestock and its estimation in blood, soil, forages will be helpful for providing balance nutrition to livestock. The basic aim of the study was to identify the imbalance and deficiencies of micro mineral (Zinc) in livestock of two districts of Punjab province. For this purpose, samples of blood, water, soil, crops and feed stuffs were taken. For the purpose of sampling, each district was divided into five sub-locations and these were considered as representative area of the district. Samples were taken from each sub-location.
These samples were brought to laboratory for analysis. For analysis of minerals, Atomic Absorption Spectrometer was used. Samples were analyzed for Zinc. The maps were developed on basis of geographical distribution of the Zn in soil, water, forages and animals' status with the help of GIS technology based on Global Positioning System. This study was helpful in providing the information about the present Zinc status in livestock of two districts to formulate rations and premixes. The data thus collected was subjected to one-way anova and t-test (Steel etal, 1997).
Significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between summer and winter seasons for Zn in plasma of goats and Kids in Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen in Zn status of plasma of sheep, buffalo and cattle during all physiological stages between summer and winter seasons in Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was found in Zn status of plasma of lambs during winter and summer seasons between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Non significant (p>0.05) was observed for Zn value in plasma of goat, kids and sheep during summer and winter season between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Significant (p<0.05) difference was seen in lactating cattle and young stock buffalo during both seasons and in young stock cattle during winter season between Hafizabad and Okara districts. Non significant (p>0.05) difference was observed in lactating, dry/pregnant buffalo and dry/pregnant cattle during summer and winter seasons between both districts. The highest value of Zn was seen in young stock buffalo (1.43 ± 0.15 ppm) in Hafizabad district during winter season and the lowest value was found in sheep plasma (0.70 ± 0.01 ppm) during summer season in Okara district. The highest value for Zn level in the soil is found in Hafizabad district (4.10 ± 0.02 ppm) during winter season and in Okara district (3.16±0.07 ppm), during summer season. The overall value of Zn for summer and winter seasons was highest for Hafizabad (3.47 ± 0.05 ppm) district. In wheat fodder, the highest value of Zn was seen in Hafizabad district (0.0228 ± 0.005 mg/kg) and for Sorghum fodder highest value was observed in Okara district (374.0 ± 177.4 mg/kg). In corn grain, the highest value of Zn was seen in Okara district (0.0288 ± 0.002mg/kg). The highest value for wheat grain was observed in Hafizabad district (680 ± 216.2 mg/kg) and for rice grain in Okara district (55.2 ± 24.9 mg/kg). In wanda, significant (p<0.05) difference was observed between both districts.
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3.
Effect Of Different Energy Sources On The Fattening Potential Of Buffalo Calves
by Mujahid Jamal Jami | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar | Dr.Abdul | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Buffalo is an important animal which contributes approximately 50% meat in Pakistan. Traditional system of meat production is inefficient. About 50 % of the male calves die during the first week of their life. Some calves are raised to 60-80 kg on extremely poor and unbalanced diets and only a few are raised to about 200 kg of live weight with very low average daily gains. Most of the meat produced in the country comes from end of career, or emergency slaughtered animals. To improve meat production in country calves are required to be fattened through feed lot system. Energy-rich sources available in Pakistan include cereal grains (wheat, maize, barley, oats, sorghum, and rice), wheat bran, rice polishing and molasses etc. At the same time fats and oils are also rich source of energy and infrequently used in animal feeding. Molasses, a by product of sugar industry, is an excellent and cheaper source of energy. An objective of the study was to compare efficiency of energy sources for meat production. For this purpose, a fattening trial was conducted on 15 Nili-Ravi buffalo calves of approximately the same age and weight to study the comparative efficacy of three different energy rations. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 calves each. Animals were offered three different rations. The experiment was carried out for 90 days. Group A was fed TMR having molasses as energy source, group B was fed TMR having com grain as energy source and group C was fed TMR with rumen protected fat as energy source. Daily feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, economics and blood parameters (blood glucose, total protein, urea and creatinin) were studied. The Data obtained was analyzed under CRD through ANOV A and the difference among treatment means were tested with LSD. The average weekly growth rate of group A, B and C was 6.23±0.187, 6.l85±O.l87 and 6.08±0.187 respectively. The average daily growth rate of group A, Band C was 0.89, 0.88 and 0.87 kg respectively. Total Mixed Ration taken by group A, B and C was 2064.5 kg, 2546.01 and 1993.7 kg respectively. The average daily feed intake was 4.59 ±O.l06, 5.66±0.106 and 4.43±0.106 kg per day of group A, B and C respectively. Group A, C had non significant difference (P>0.05) from each other while group B was significantly different from group A and C. The feed conversion ratio of group A, B and C was 5.16 ±0.25, 6.40±0.25 and 5.10±0.25 respectively. The results showed that calves fed ration C has highest FCR than ration A and B. The results of the study revealed non significant difference in the concentration of serum urea, creatinine, glucose and serum total protein among the experimental animals. The cost of one kg live weight for group A was Rs 78.73 while Rs 102.78 and Rs 129.1 for group Band C. The results showed th~t ration A was more economical than ration Band C. The findings of this study showed the benefit of utilization of different energy sources in the fattening ration of calves. Due to higher prices and demand of cereal grains, other cheaper sources such as molasses can be used for fattening as energy source. If there is unavailability of molasses and cereal grains then bypass fat (Berga fat) can be used for fattening purpose. The study revealed that each energy sources is equally effective.
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4.
Effect Of Feeding Citrus Pulp Silage On The Growth Performance Of Sahiwal Calves
by Muhammad Iqbal | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Nature of contents: ; Literary form: Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: Livestock is contributing about 53 per cent of agricultural value added and 11.4 per cent to the national GDP with a total animal heads of 157.3 million but feed availability of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) is deficient by 38.10 and 24.02%, respectively. However, a decline in domestic feed resources and the need for Pakistan's livestock production to become internationally competitive are strong reasons for promoting the use of alternative locally available and cheap sources of feed ingredients, such as citrus pulp from fruit processing industry which do not attract competition in consumption between humans and livestock. The primary objective for the use of these by-products is to reduce the feed cost and consequently cost of producing a unit of the product like milk or meat as well as to fulfill the nutrients demands of animals. Citrus pulp is a by-product widely available in Pakistan and is mainly discarded as waste. Its cost is relatively low compared to its nutritive value but is seldom used as ruminant feed. The large amounts which are available during the harvesting season can be ensiled in combination with dry roughage, to get the required moisture level of it. So in the present study citrus pulp with wheat straw was ensiled and the silage was fed to Sahiwal calves to observe its intake, weight gain as well as economics. Results of the present study revealed that the optimum level of 20% citrus pulp in feed gave good results while intake and weight gain decreased for 30% citrus pulp in feed. Average total weight gain were 27.5, 37.5, 28.75 and 23.75kg for ration A, B, C and D, respectively (containing 10, 20 and 30 citrus pulp, respectively). Average daily gain for group A, B, C and D were 0.44, 0.60, 0.46 and 0.38kg, respectively and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). When average daily feed intake for each calf was calculated on dry matter basis it showed 4.40, 4.50, 3.39 and 3.13kg respectively for group A, B, C and D which was not significantly different between diets. By ascertaining the cost of the feed for ration groups it showed significance difference having average cost of production per animal per kg body weight 37.07, 23.80, 21.68 and 25.58 Rs for group A, B, C and D, respectively.
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5.
Effect Of Feeding Of Different Non Protein Nitrogen (Npn)Sources On Performance Of Lactating Nili- Ravi Buffaloes
by Muhammad Salman Nadeem | Prof.Dr.Talat Naseer Pasha | (Prof. Dr. Makhdoom Abdul Jabbar).
Material type: ; Format:
print
Publisher: 2011Dissertation note: The feed resources in Pakistan are comprised of green fodder / pastures (mostly on canal banks and on road sides), dry roughages (mostly wheat and rice straw) and conventional concentrates. Furthermore, it has been reported that conventional feedstuffs are very low in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources. These circumstances attracted the attention of nutritionists and farmers towards the use of slow-releasing non-Protein Nitrogen sources in the livestock feed. The experimental study was conducted at LPRI Bahdurnagar Okara. Feed was reformulated by addition of urea and Optigen. Samples in triplicates were analyzed at Nutrition laboratory, UVAS Lahore and LPRI, Bahadurnagar, Okara. The crude protein of the concentrates A, B and C were 17.03, 17.03 and 17.04 respectively. Eighteen lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes were divided in three equal groups using completely randomized design. Each group was fed on isonitrogenous concentrate to find out its effects on performance of lactating buffaloes. The data thus obtained were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique. The significant differences between means were tested by least significant difference test. Milk production was higher in group C feeding with reformulated with 1% Optigen. The highest individual milk fat was higher for group C. The average protein percentages of all the buffaloes were non-significant. The milk urea nitrogen level was higher in group B. The blood urea nitrogen level was higher in group C. It was concluded that the use of Optigen in buffalo feed improved the milk production significantly without affecting the milk composition. It can replace the conventional NPN sources without any adverse effects on health of buffaloes. Optigen can be used as economical and affective slow release NPN source.
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